Research : Meaning, characteristics and types; Steps of research; Methods of research; Research Ethics; Paper, article, workshop, seminar, conference and symposium; Thesis writing: its characteristics and format.
People and environment interaction;
Sources of pollution;
Pollutants and their impact on human life, exploitation of natural and energy
resources;
Natural hazards and mitigation
Structure of the institutions for higher learning and research in India; formal and distance education; professional/technical and general education; value education: governance, polity and administration; concept, institutions and their interactions.